School in classical Athens wasn't compulsory, but a father who didn't send his boys to school had about the same status as a leper, so effectively every boy got an education. Girls were educated at home; which might annoy the ladies reading this, but in fact by the time I'm finished you might think the girls were the ones better off.
The first thing all kids were taught was how to read and write. Literacy levels were high. Very high. And that applies to both women and men. They might have had the highest general literacy until our modern age; and even then there are a few modern nations with literacy levels probably below that of classical Athens. A common insult of the time was to say of someone, "He can't swim and he can't read." Meaning, "This guy is a total idiot." In a civilization of islands that relied on trade, swimming was a basic survival skill. By implication, so too was reading.
Every play, every history, every document of the time takes it for granted that the women could read as well as the men. Also, plenty of pottery shows women playing musical instruments. Literacy and music covers off two thirds of the male curriculum.
The boys learned these things: reading and writing, music, poetry, "wrestling" (sport), and the big one...reciting Homer.
A boy who didn't learn his Homer to a minimum standard could expect some beatings. Homer was way too large for any normal person to remember it all, but there were core parts everyone had to know. (Though having said that, Diotima can recite all of Homer end to end, and so too could a professional bard of the time). If you read any dialogue from the period — the dialogues in Plato are a good example — you'll see that educated Athenians threw in quotes from Homer in their conversation in much the same way that Victorian period Englishmen threw in Latin tags. I don't do that in my stories because it would drive you insane, though I've popped in the occasional easily recognized tag. In The Ionia Sanction, as an experiment I put a quote from Homer at the top of every chapter. The one at the start of chapter one is, "Evil deeds do not prosper; the slow man catches up with the swift."
With every boy going to school, there were obviously a lot of schools. Almost certainly every deme had its own school, and the more populous demes probably had several. (A deme was like a suburb; in fact many ancient demes are suburbs in modern Athens.)
There are numerous texts from the time extolling the virtues of a good beating to instill moral fiber in the weak. The same didn't apply to the girls. Dr Arnold of Rugby School would probably have approved.
The Athenians had to pass a law limiting the school day to from dawn to dusk. I'm not kidding. No doubt when it was passed, the teachers grumbled how kids had it too soft these days, but they seem to have stuck to the letter of the law. So an Athenian boy rose before dawn, arrived at school as the sun peeked over the horizon, and returned home when it was dark. And let me point this out...no weekends! Religious festival days were the only respite for the boys.
With every boy going to school, there were obviously a lot of schools. Almost certainly every deme had its own school, and the more populous demes probably had several. (A deme was like a suburb; in fact many ancient demes are suburbs in modern Athens.)
There are numerous texts from the time extolling the virtues of a good beating to instill moral fiber in the weak. The same didn't apply to the girls. Dr Arnold of Rugby School would probably have approved.
The Athenians had to pass a law limiting the school day to from dawn to dusk. I'm not kidding. No doubt when it was passed, the teachers grumbled how kids had it too soft these days, but they seem to have stuck to the letter of the law. So an Athenian boy rose before dawn, arrived at school as the sun peeked over the horizon, and returned home when it was dark. And let me point this out...no weekends! Religious festival days were the only respite for the boys.